Defective Pixel Correction

Due to random process deviations, technical limitations of the sensors, etc. there are different reasons that image sensors have image errors. Balluff provides several procedures to correct these errors, by default these are host-based calculations, however some device families support device-based corrections, which saves dozens of % CPU load and lowers latency.

Device Family BVS CA-	Adaptive defective pixel correction (Device)	List-based defective pixel correction (Device)	List-based defective pixel correction (Host)	Flat-Field Correction (Host)	Flat-Field Correction (Device)
GX0	-	-	X	X	X
GX2	X^*	X	X	X	-
GT1	X^**	-	X	X	-
SF1	-	-	X	X	-
SF2..SF5	X^*	X	X	X	-
IGC/MLC	-	-	X	X	-

^* Applies when binning/decimation is used; mvDevicePixelEnable enabled.
^** Always active

There are exceptions. In doubt check the Appendix A. Specific Camera / Sensor Data .

Generally, removing defect pixels requires two sub-tasks:

Detection of defective pixels
Correction of defective pixels

Both tasks can performed in different "locations":

Detection and correction on the host using Impact Acquire
Detection on the host using Impact Acquire, correction on the device using the device's mvDefectivePixelCorrectionControl in the list-based mode
Detection and correction on the camera using mvDefectivePixelCorrectionControl in the algorithm-based mode.

If detection is not happening in real-time, meaning during the image acquisition itself, it is necessary to store the detected defects somewhere. This can be either on the device or the host or both.

Host-based defect pixel detection

As mentioned, the defect pixel list can be generated using Impact Acquire. Since there are three types of defects, Impact Acquire offers three calibration methods for detection:

leaky pixel (in the dark)
which indicates pixels that produce a higher read out code than the average
hot pixel (in standard light conditions)
which indicates pixels that produce a higher non-proportional read out code when temperatures are rising
cold pixel (in standard light conditions)
which indicates pixels that produce a lower read out code than average when the sensor is exposed (e.g. caused by dust particles on the sensor)

Note: Please use either an Mono or RAW Bayer image format when detecting defective pixel data in the image.

Detecting leaky pixels

To detect leaky pixels the following steps are necessary:

Set gain ("Setting → Base → Camera → GenICam → Analog Control → Gain = 0 dB") and exposure time "Setting → Base → Camera → GenICam → Acquisition Control → ExposureTime = 360 msec" to the given operating conditions
The total number of defective pixels found in the array depend on the gain and the exposure time.
Black out the lens completely
Set the (Filter-) "Mode = Calibrate leaky pixel"
Acquire an image (e.g. by pressing Acquire in ImpactControlCenter with "Acquisition Mode = SingleFrame")

The filter checks:

Pixel > LeakyPixelDeviation_ADCLimit // (default value: 50)

All pixels above this value are considered as leaky pixel.

Detecting hot or cold pixels

Note: With "Mode = Calibrate Hot And Cold Pixel" you can execute both detections at the same time.

To detect hot or cold pixels the following steps are necessary:

You will need a uniform sensor illumination approx. 50 - 70 % saturation (which means an average gray value between 128 and 180)
Set the (Filter-) "Mode = Calibrate Hot Pixel" or "Mode = Calibrate Cold Pixel" or "Mode = Calibrate Hot And Cold Pixel"
Acquire an image (e.g. by pressing Acquire in ImpactControlCenter with "Acquisition Mode = SingleFrame")

The filter checks:

Pixel > T[hot] // (default value: 15 %)

// T[hot] = deviation of the average gray value

Pixel < T[cold] // (default value: 15 %)

// T[cold] = deviation of the average gray value

Note: Repeating the defective pixel corrections will accumulate the correction data which leads to a higher value in "DefectivePixelsFound". If you want to reset the correction data or repeat the correction process you have to set the filter mode to "Reset Calibration Data". In order to limit the amount of defective pixels detected the "DefectivePixelsMaxDetectionCount" property can be used.

Figure 1: Image corrections: DefectivePixelsFilter

Storing defective pixel data on the device

To save and load the defective pixel data, appropriate functions are available:

"int mvDefectivePixelDataLoad( void )"
"int mvDefectivePixelDataSave( void )"

The section "Setting → Base → ImageProcessing → DefectivePixelsFilter" was also extended (see Figure 2). First, the "DefectivePixelsFound" indicates the number of found defective pixels. The coordinates are available through the properties "DefectivePixelOffsetX" and "DefectivePixelOffsetY" now. In addition to that it is possible to edit, add and delete these values manually (via right-click on the "DefectivePixelOffset" and select "Append Value" or "Delete Last Value"). Second, with the functions

"int mvDefectivePixelReadFromDevice( void )"
"int mvDefectivePixelWriteToDevice( void )"

you can exchange the data from the filter with the device and vice versa.

Figure 2: Image corrections: DefectivePixelsFilter (since driver version 2.17.1 and firmware version 2.12.406)

Just right-click on "mvDefectivePixelWriteToDevice" and click on "Execute" to write the data to the device (and hand over the data to the Storing pixel data on the device). To permanently store the data inside the device s non-volatile memory afterwards "mvDefectivePixelDataSave" must be called as well!

Figure 3: Defective pixel data are written to the device (since driver version 2.17.1 and firmware version 2.12.406)

While opening the device, the device will load the defective pixel data from the device. If there are pixels in the filter available (via calibration), nevertheless you can load the values from the device. In this case the values will be merged with the existing ones. I.e., new ones are added and duplicates are removed.

Host-based defect pixel correction

After a defect-list is generated, a host-based correction can be performed using Impact Acquire.

To correct the defective pixels various substitution methods exist:

"Replace 3x1 average"
which substitutes the detected defective pixels with the average value from the left and right neighboring pixel (3x1)
"Replace 3x3 median"
which substitutes the detected defective pixels with the median value calculated from the nearest neighboring in a 3 by 3 region
"Replace 3x3 Filtered Data Averaged"
which substitutes and treats the detected defective pixels as if they have been processed with a 3 by 3 filter algorithm before reaching this filter
Only recommended for devices which do not offer a defective pixel compensation; packed RGB or packed YUV444 data is needed. See enumeration value dpfmReplaceDefectivePixelAfter3x3Filter in the corresponding API manual for additional details about this algorithm and when and why it is needed

List-based defect pixel correction on the device

As described before, it is possible to upload lists of defect pixel onto the device. Different algorithms can be used to determine whether a pixel is defective or not, which is dependent of how much it is allowed a pixel to deviate, temperature, gain, and exposure time. As described before, the list-based correction is deterministic, meaning it is exactly known which pixels will be corrected.

Anyhow, the list-based correction has some disadvantages:

A default list is stored in the device during production, but this might to fit to the target application because of much different temperature / exposure time setting
→ It is necessary to create the list using a detection algorithm (or Impact Acquire support)
During time and sensor aging, new defects could/will appear
It doesn’t work in binning/decimation modes
The memory for storing defective pixels is limited

Adaptive / algorithm-based correction on the device

In this case, the device performs detection and correction on-the-fly without using any defect-list.

The adaptive correction addresses the above-mentioned disadvantages of the list-based method. While the correction itself (this is which pixels are used to correct an identified defect) is the same, no static information from a list is used, instead they are detected "on the fly".

To use reasonable thresholds, knowledge of the noise statistics of the sensor is used to detect the outliers. These will be corrected also on the fly. Because this is a dynamic approach, it also works in binning/decimation modes and would also detect new appearing defects.

Nevertheless, there are some disadvantages:

It is non-deterministic
Wrong positives can be detected, meaning non-defect pixels could be treated as defect
If pixels are at the edge of the used thresholds, it could be corrected in one frame, but not in the next

Flat-Field Correction

Each pixel of a sensor chip is a single detector with its own properties. Particularly, this pertains to the sensitivity as the case may be the spectral sensitivity. To solve this problem (including lens and illumination variations), a plain and equally "colored" calibration plate (e.g. white or gray) as a flat-field is snapped, which will be used to correct the original image. Between flat-field correction and the future application you must not change the optic. To reduce errors while doing the flat-field correction, a saturation between 50 % and 75 % of the flat-field in the histogram is convenient.

Note: Flat-field correction can also be used as a destructive watermark and works for all f-stops.

To make a flat field correction following steps are necessary:

You need a plain and equally "colored" calibration plate (e.g. white or gray)
No single pixel may be saturated - that's why we recommend to set the maximum gray level in the brightest area to max. 75% of the gray scale (i.e., to gray values below 190 when using 8-bit values)
Choose a BayerXY in "Setting → Base → Camera → GenICam → Image Format Control → PixelFormat".
Set the (Filter-) "Mode = Calibrate" (Figure 4)
Start a Live snap ("Acquire" with "Acquisition Mode = Continuous")
Finally, you have to activate the correction: Set the (Filter-) "Mode = On"
Save the settings including the correction data via "Action → Capture Settings → Save Active Device Settings"
(Settings can be saved in the Windows registry or in a file)

Note: After having re-started the device you have to reload the capture settings vice versa.

The filter snaps a number of images (according to the value of the CalibrationImageCount, e.g. 5) and averages the flat-field images to one correction image.

Figure 4: Image corrections: Host-based flat field correction

Host-based Flat-Field Correction With Calibration AOI

In some cases it might be necessary to use just a specific area within the device's field of view to calculate the correction values. In this case just a specific AOI will be used to calculate the correction factor.

You can set the "host-based flat field correction" in the following way:

All necessary setting can be found under "ImageProcessing"-> "FlatfieldFilter".
Stop "Continuous" acquisition mode.
Set "CalibrationImageCount" to, for example, 5.
Set "Mode" to "Calibrate".
Set "CalibrationAoiMode" to "UseAoi".
Set the properties ("X, Y and W, H") appeared under "CalibrationAOI" to the desired AOI.
Start "Continuous" acquisition mode.
Finally, you have to activate the correction: Set the "Mode" to "On".

Figure 5: Image corrections: Host-based flat field correction with calibration AOI

Host-based Flat-Field Correction With Correction AOI

In some cases it might be necessary to correct just a specific area in the device's filed of view. In this case the correction values are only applied to a specific area. For the rest of the image, the correction factor will be just 1.0.

You can set the "host-based flat field correction" in the following way:

All necessary setting can be found under "ImageProcessing → FlatfieldFilter".
Stop "Continuous" acquisition mode.
Set "CalibrationImageCount" to, for example, 5.
Set "Mode" to "Calibrate".
Start "Continuous" acquisition mode.
Now, you have to activate the correction: Set the "Mode" to "On".
Set "CorrectionAOIMode" to "UseAoi".
Finally use the properties ("X, Y and W, H") which appeared under "CorrectionAOI" to configure the desired AOI.

Figure 6: Image corrections: Host-based flat field correction with correction AOI